Michigan Test for Teacher Certification (MTTC) Secondary Integrated Science Practice test

What defines a scientific theory?

1. It must be universally accepted

2. It must be repeatable and subject to change

3. It is based solely on observational data

4. It cannot be disproven

The correct answer is: It must be repeatable and subject to change

A scientific theory is defined by its ability to be repeatable and subject to change based on new evidence or perspectives. Theories are not static; they evolve as more data is collected and analyzed, which is fundamental to the scientific method. This adaptability allows theories to be refined, modified, or even replaced as new discoveries prompt a reevaluation of existing knowledge. For a theory to remain scientifically valid, it must stand up to rigorous testing and experimentation. If new findings contradict an existing theory, the scientific community reassesses the theory in light of the new information. This process highlights the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry, where knowledge is built iteratively rather than being fixed and unchangeable. The other choices do not accurately capture the essence of what a scientific theory entails. While universal acceptance may be an aspiration in science, it is not a requirement for a theory's validity. Furthermore, while theories are indeed often based on observational data, they also incorporate experimental data and reasoning to build a comprehensive explanation for phenomena. Lastly, the notion that theories cannot be disproven contradicts the very purpose of scientific testing; a fundamental principle of science is that theories must be falsifiable, allowing them to be tested and potentially disproven as part of the scientific process.